Research staff would identify patients in the ED with cardiac arrest, and physicians would then review the medical records and enter the patient into a ‘registry’ dataset, using an Utstein-style reporting template. Over the past 10 years, the National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH) has captured and stored ECG waveforms from all adult (over 20 years old) Emergency Department (ED) patients in cardiac arrest: those brought in by ambulance in cardiac arrest, and those experiencing cardiac arrest in the ED or the waiting room. This rich signal might also contain other clues: about why the heart stopped, what physicians can do in the ER to give the patient the best possible chance of surviving, and the likelihood that a patient who survives will have a normal life, without profound physical or neurological impairments. Physicians use this to determine which immediate actions are needed: most importantly, does the patient need to be shocked (cardioverted), or need some critical medication to restart the heart. One of the only pieces of data available to the emergency physician in this situation is the electrocardiogram (ECG), which measures the electrical activity of the heart. What happened to cause the arrest? What immediate actions need to be taken? And what will happen to the patient? As the physician begins the resuscitation, she knows only that the patient’s heart has stopped-but nothing else. The problemĪ patient is rushed into the ER, unconscious and in cardiac arrest. “Solving Medicine’s Data Bottleneck: Nightingale Open Science.” Nature Medicine 28, no. “Solving Medicine’s Data Bottleneck: Nightingale Open Science.” Nature Medicine, vol. MLA Mullainathan, Sendhil, and Ziad Obermeyer. Solving medicine’s data bottleneck: Nightingale Open Science. She used color to emphasize particular aspects of the data.APA Mullainathan, S., & Obermeyer, Z. To win support for her efforts from England, she arranged the information she found using line graphs, scatterplots, and other graphic devices. She recorded how soldiers had died-whether from contagious disease, wounds, or other causes. She began a campaign to improve conditions, financing much of it with her own money. In February 1855, the mortality rate at the military hospitals she worked in hit 42 percent. While overseeing nurses in Turkey during the Crimean War in 1854, Franklin writes, Nightingale was horrified by unsanitary conditions and a lack of medical supplies. Nightingale’s innovation was less about technique than about her purpose. It used shading to convey the educational instruction offered in different parts of France, showing a dramatic shift between the north and south of the nation. In the 1820s, Baron Charles Dupin created the first modern statistical map. Increasingly, European nations collected information not just on imports, exports, and population but also on things like education levels, causes of deaths, crimes, marriages, and births. Bonham-Carter, 1854 via Wikimedia CommonsĪlso, Friendly writes, there was just more data available. That was thanks partly to advances in lithography and mechanical calculation. Over the next few decades the use of data visualizations grew. Between 17, William Playfair invented several of the ways of looking at numbers that are still used today: the line graph, bar chart, pie chart, and circle graph. Nightingale was far from the first person to map out numbers in visual ways, as Michael Friendly explains. An intensely religious person, she once said that “to understand God’s thoughts we must study statistics, for these are the measure of His purpose.” She was particularly fascinated with statistics and probability. In her twenties, she taught math to young children. But, as statistician Christine Annette Franklin writes, Nightingale was also a talented mathematician. We typically think of Nightingale as the woman who revolutionized the profession of nursing while selflessly caring for sick and injured soldiers. One key innovator in data visualizations was none other than Florence Nightingale. From simple graphs and maps to wild tangles of moving multicolored lines, pictures help us absorb mathematical information about our world. On the news sites of 2020, whether the topic is COVID-19 infections, police shootings, or unemployment rates, you’re very likely to find a data visualization.
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